Critical Inquiry Exam 2 Practice

These questions are part of the practice quiz. Start practicing

• Define longitudinal studies.
• What is data cleaning and why is it critical before analysis?
• Outline the basic steps of grounded theory coding in order.
• Where is the purpose of an intervention study normally found?
• Homoscedasticity refers to what?
• Differentiate between confounding control variables and statistical control in analysis.
• Define Effectiveness.
• Which definition best describes nominal scales?
• What is the primary purpose of randomization in randomized controlled trials?
• Explain the meaning and interpretation of a 95% confidence interval for a mean.
• Which statement best describes random assignment and its threats in experiments?
• What is the SpPin rule?
• Define retrospective studies.
• Which element is typically described in the methods section regarding the intervention?
• What does reliability of measures describe?
• If a test has high sensitivity but low specificity, which statement best describes false positives and false negatives?
• What do Likelihood Ratios fundamentally describe?
• What is the main purpose of descriptive statistics?
• For a result to be clinically important, what two things must happen?
• What is the process of determining who might benefit from the intervention studied called?
• Which statement correctly contrasts reliability and validity in qualitative coding?
• Which statement is true about mediators and moderators?
• Which term characterizes a tool that uses validated predictor variables to guide diagnosis, prognosis, treatment, or referral?
• Define Efficacy.
• Which statement best describes what a likelihood ratio expresses?
• Triangulation in mixed-methods studies serves to?
• Which statement about mediators is most accurate?
• What experimental design is considered the gold standard?
• CPR are often described as?
• What is attrition in experiments and why does it matter?
• Known-groups validity is used to assess construct validity by...
• What does 'threats to validity' mean?
• Which statement about construct validity is accurate?
• What does meta-analysis do?
• What is the primary role of validated predictor variables within CPR?
• What is grounded theory and what is its key analytic goal?
• Which statement about power is true?
• What is the final step in the CPR design process after validation?
• In the context of statistical power, what is most likely in an underpowered study when a real difference exists?
• What term describes the probability that a patient has the condition before a test is applied?
• What is the most commonly agreed upon p-value or alpha level?
• What are 3 ways to strengthen validity?
• What are the 3 main points to determine applicability of an intervention study?
• Which statement differentiates a research question from a hypothesis?
• In a 2x2 diagnostic table, if the gold standard is positive and the clinical test is positive, this cell is called:
• Which statement accurately describes reliability and validity?
• In a study where data are collected at multiple time points from the same subjects, this design is called:
• Confidence intervals are normally expressed at which percentile levels, and what does that imply?
• What does a p-value indicate in hypothesis testing?
• What is the first step in the multistep process for designing CPR?
• What does thick description provide?
• What is the difference between efficacy and effectiveness?
• Used to compare means and remove a contributing factor
• Which design follows participants over time to assess changes?
• Reliability versus validity in qualitative coding: which statement is most accurate?
• What are the assumptions underlying a one-way ANOVA?
• Which statement about deductive reasoning in qualitative inquiry is most accurate?
• Which statement about descriptive statistics is true?
• Which description matches ratio scales?
• What is data triangulation in qualitative research?
• Define CI.
• Which threat to internal validity is most directly reduced by random assignment?
• External validity concerns generalizability across which domains?
• Which experimental design adds validity to the study, reduces one form of bias, helps ensure that all groups will be equal at the start of the study, and designed to evaluate efficacy of an intervention?
• Which statement correctly describes the null hypothesis in hypothesis testing?
• Which describes the relationship between conceptual definitions and operational definitions?
• Intra-rater reliability is defined as which of the following?
• Which statement describes a threat to external validity?
• Which statement best captures content validity?
• Compare qualitative data collection methods (interviews, focus groups, observations) in terms of data richness and potential biases.
• Define sensitivity.
• What does reliability of measures refer to?
• Ratio and interval scales are often referred to as which type of data?
• What is the primary purpose of a power analysis?
• What is the difference between sensitivity and specificity?
• Outline the main stages of qualitative coding from data to theme development.
• Distinguish between credibility and transferability as trustworthiness criteria in qualitative research.
• What is a literature map or concept map and how does it aid the review process?
• Which term describes the applicability of study results to routine clinical practice?
• How does a t-test differ from an ANOVA?
• If there is a high probability that results are due to chance, can you conclude that the treatment was the reason?
• Which statement correctly describes the effect of a high positive likelihood ratio?
• Which method is commonly used to detect heteroscedasticity in a regression model?
• What is the role of ethics in critical inquiry?
• True/False: Treaters should not be testers.
• What is a sampling frame?
• Used to compare multiple measures from the same group
• A lower negative likelihood ratio makes a negative test result more effective at what?
• How are pretest and posttest probabilities related?
• What is the purpose of an IRB and common elements of an ethical review?
• What are several factors that the length of follow-up depends on?
• Power analysis factors include which elements?
• CPR stands for what?
• Which is a measure of central tendency?
• To compare means across more than two groups, which test is typically used?
• What is the SpPin rule?
• Triangulation in qualitative research is defined as
• Inter-rater reliability is defined as which of the following?
• Which example best illustrates an operational definition for 'social support'?
• How does effect size complement p-values in interpreting study results?
• Define operationalization and provide an example.
• What is the purpose of a data handling plan in research ethics?
• Which analysis assigns subjects to the groups they were randomized to?
• Which design is best described as data collected at a single point in time to estimate prevalence?
• Confounding is best described as a phenomenon where a nuisance variable is associated with which of the following?
• Which of the following best describes descriptive, inferential, and predictive statistics?
• What term defines the probability that a patient has the condition after a test is applied?
• Which statement best describes reliability and validity and names a common reliability coefficient?
• The higher the +LR is, the more likely it is that the patient has the condition if they have a ________ test.
• Which of the following is NOT a method to strengthen validity?
• Which statistic best indicates how much a test result changes the likelihood of disease?
• Which of the following is a mixed-methods design widely used in practice?
• How do you assess the risk of bias in nonrandomized studies?
• What is a null hypothesis and how is it used in hypothesis testing?
• What is a confounding variable?
• Reliability is measured by what?
• Which statement about NNT is true?
• Which statement captures the benefits of pre-registration?
• Which example best illustrates a longitudinal panel study?
• Which statement accurately describes descriptive statistics and inferential statistics?
• A study shows high efficacy in a controlled setting but limited effectiveness in practice due to patient variability. This illustrates the difference between which two concepts?
• Define Number Needed to Treat (NNT) according to the material.
• What does reflexivity involve in qualitative research?
• Which statement correctly lists common regression assumptions related to residuals?
• What do descriptive statistics do?
• Which factor is most directly used to determine if an intervention could be feasibly implemented in a typical patient setting?
• What does a systematic review aim to achieve?
• Likert-type items are an example of which scale?
• Define standard deviation.
• In a study comparing treated and non-treated groups, should the groups be of equal intensity?
• Used to compare the means of two groups
• Which data scale is described as ordered precisely and continuously with no meaningful zero value?
• What defines internal validity in experimental designs?
• Which statement contrasts prospective and retrospective studies?
• How do literature reviews and theoretical frameworks differ in guiding a study?
• In a normal distribution, which set lists the correct percentages within one, two, and three standard deviations?
• What are 3 examples of 'threats to validity'?
• Which type of statistics is used to determine whether observed effects are likely due to chance?
• Which statement describes a convergent parallel mixed-methods design?
• The impact study in CPR development aims to assess what?
• Group differences, people, machines, and instruments can all introduce what into the results?
• Which analysis approach includes all participants in the groups to which they were randomized, regardless of whether they completed the intervention?
• What is the SnOut rule?
• Confidence intervals are commonly expressed at which percentile levels?
• Which of the following best describes the components included in descriptive statistics related to central tendency and distribution?
• Which criterion documents the chain of evidence from data to conclusions?
• Which practice helps minimize bias by keeping people unaware of group assignment?
• Used to compare results of more than two groups
• What is NNT?
• Where is the study population normally found in an intervention study?
• Name two core ethical principles.
• Which statement best defines effect modification (interaction) in a study?
• Define specificity.
• What is the difference between p-value and effect size?
• What is a confounding variable and how can randomized experiments mitigate it?
• What is a control group and why essential in experimental designs?
• Which description matches interval scales?
• Do we want the confidence interval to be narrow or wide?
• Which statement about Type I and Type II errors is correct?
• Define Power.
• Which definition best describes ordinal scales?
• True/False: When reading an intervention study, it is often best to read through the results first.
• When a sample is smaller it is less likely a difference will be found, this means the sample is what?
• What does the methods section of an intervention study contain?
• Name four descriptive statistics and what they convey about a data set.
• Posttest probability describes the probability of having the condition after testing.
• Which statement about randomization is true?
• Define cross-sectional studies.
• What method helps ensure groups are similar at baseline in an intervention study?
• To compare the means of two independent groups, which test would you use?
• Which data scale has categories that are ordered but distances between ranks are not uniform?
• What technique is central to grounded theory that involves comparing data across cases?
• Which statistic is used to determine the likelihood that observed results occurred by chance?
• What are 2x2 tables used for in diagnostic studies?
• Which statistic is commonly used to analyze categorical data?
• In a 2x2 table, the gold standard is negative and the clinical test is negative. This cell is called:
• What does 'intention-to-treat analysis' mean?
• Quality depends on which aspect of the study?
• What is selective sampling?
• Define prospective studies.
• Which sequence correctly represents CPR design steps?
• Ratio and interval scales are often referred to as which type of data?
• Cohen's kappa is used to assess what?
• Which statement correctly distinguishes a mediator from a moderator?
• In qualitative research, which criterion concerns applicability of findings to other contexts?
• Best statistic for reliability for continuous data (ratio or interval) is which term?
• A range of motion measurement with a goniometer is typically which data scale?
• Which statement best distinguishes random sampling from convenience sampling and its implications for generalizability?
• Which statement best describes Likelihood Ratios?
• Which statement is false about the CPR design steps?
• Convergent validity is demonstrated when a measure...
• Where are the results of an intervention study normally found?